Ngorongoro Conservation Area
NCA was recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979, a Mixed World Heritage 2010, a Man and Biosphere Reserve in 1981, and a Ngorongoro-Lengai Global Geopark in 2018[1]
NCA is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the (iv)(vii)(viii)(ix)(x) criteria.[2]
[1] World Heritage Convention, United Republic of Tanzania https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/tz
accessed 16 December 2025.
[2] World Heritage Convention, Ngorongoro Conservation Area https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/39/
accessed 16 December 2025.
Maasai International Solidarity Alliance (MISA): https://misasolidarity.org/
PASTORAL WOMEN’S COUNCIL (PWC)
LEGAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS CENTER (LHRC)
Ngorongoro Pastoralists Council NPC
FINAL GOVERNANCE: Finalgovernances.com
The Pastoralists Indigenous Non-Governmental Organizations Forum (PINGOs Forum)
WAWM MWEKA collaborated on research, training, and conservation efforts. The college conducts research on human-wildlife conflict in the area and its alumni frequently hold leadership positions in Ngorongoro.
The management of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) (as of December 2025)
MR ABDUL-RAZAQ BADRU: Conservation Commissioner (CC) and Chief Conservator. Email cc@ncaa.go.tz
MR. JOAS MAKWATI: Deputy Conservation Commissioner (DCC)
Head of Conservation, Community Development and Tourism Directorate.
Deputy Conservation Commissioner (DCC). Email joas.makwaty@ncaa.go.tz
MR. NEEDPEACE WABUYA: Deputy Conservation Commissioner (DCC): needpeace.wambuya@ncaa.go.tz
MR AIDAN MAKALLA: Head of Cooperate Services Directorate.
MR. EMMANUEL KAAYA: Head of Protection Services Department
Head Office: Ngorongoro/Karatu
COL. HENRY KOMBA: A Military Officer.
Contact:
(+255) 22 2861870,
(+255) 22 2861871,
(+255) 22 2861872
Fax: (+255) 22 2864217
The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA)[3]
[3] Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, About NCAA https://www.ncaa.go.tz/about-ncaa/
accessed 16 December 2025.
The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT).
MINISTER: Hon. Dr. Pindi Chana
DEPUTY MINISTER: Mr. Dunstan Luka Kitandula
MINISTRY: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT).
LOCATED: Capital City of Tanzania: Dodoma
The Ngorongoro Conservation Area benefits from a complex and multi-layered funding landscape, with contributions from a wide range of international and local actors.
Multilateral and Bilateral Donors
UNESCO World Heritage Fund[3]
Amount (USD): $290,386
Year(s): 1979-2014
Project Focus: Management planning, anti-poaching, research, and community capacity building
GIZ (German Development Cooperation)[4]
Amount: €6,243,445
Year(s): 2016-2020
Project Focus: Sustainable natural resource management, human-wildlife conflict mitigation, community development
World Bank (REGROW Project)[5]
Amount (USD): $150,000,000
Year(s): 2017-2024
Project Focus: Resilient natural resource management for tourism and growth (project funding suspended in 2024)
USAID (PROTECT Project)[6]
Amount (USD): $19,100,000
Year(s): 2015-2020
Project Focus: Anti-poaching, wildlife crime policy, wildlife corridor management
USAID (Tuhifadhi Maliasili)[7]
Amount (USD): $30,000,000
Year(s): 2021-2026
Project Focus: Natural resource conservation
USAID (Tumaini Kupitia Vitendo)[8]
Amount (USD): $29,500,000
Year(s): 2023-
Project Focus: Conservation of 2.5 million hectares
International NGOs and Foundations
Global Conservation[9]
Partner(s): African People & Wildlife (APW), KopeLion
Year(s): 2024-2025
Project Focus: Anti-poaching, human-wildlife conflict mitigation, lion research
Lion Recovery Fund[10]
Partner(s): KopeLion, Lion Landscapes, Panthera, Big Life Foundation
Amount (USD): $419,437+
Year(s): 2018-2025
Project Focus: Lion conservation, human-lion coexistence, protected area management
Wild Survivors[11]
Partner(s): PAMS Foundation, Addax & Oryx Foundation, Camilla Peake Trust, Ryklow Trust, The Elephant Crisis Fund, Planet Wild, The CCG Trust
Amount (USD): $40,000+
Year(s): 2018-Present
Project Focus: Human-elephant coexistence, women-led enterprises, beehive fences, mobile medical clinic
Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS)[12]
Partner(s): Ngorongoro District Council, TANAPA, KfW
Year(s): 2020-Present
Project Focus: Sustainable rangeland management, rhino conservation, community conservation banks
Cheetah Conservation Initiative (CCI)[13]
Partner(s): KopeLion
Project Focus: Human-carnivore conflict mitigation
African Wildlife Foundation (AWF)[14]
Partner(s): USAID, GIZ, IUCN, and others
Project Focus: Ecosystem restoration, human-wildlife conflict, anti-poaching, community conservation
Maono Conservation[15]
Partner(s): KopeLion
Project Focus: Human-Maasai-lion coexistence
UNESCO Extra-Budgetary Funds until 2025
Another extra funding provided to the property for 2014 included USD 50,000 from Switzerland, USD 35,000 from the Netherlands, USD 20,000 from the United Nations Development Assistance Plan (UNDAP), and USD 8,000 self-benefitting funds from the United Republic of Tanzania for the community consultative process in 2013-2014. Another USD 50,000 from the Flanders Funds-in-Trust for the sustainable tourism strategy in 2014-2015.[16]
This funding was intended for capacity building of local communities and stakeholders for a dialogue towards sustainable livelihoods in tune with wildlife protection and ecosystem management in Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA). [17]
[3] UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 'Ngorongoro Conservation Area - Assistance' (UNESCO) https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/39/assistance/ accessed 23 December 2025
[4] GIZ, 'Programme Sustainable Management of Natural Resources' (GIZ) https://www.giz.de/en/projects/programme-sustainable-management-natural-resources accessed 23 December 2025
[5] World Bank, 'Factsheet and Q&A on Measures to Address REGROW Challenges' (World Bank, 9 September 2025) https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2025/09/09/factsheet-and-qa-on-measures-to-address-regrow-challenges accessed 23 December 2025
[6] U.S. Embassy in Tanzania, 'USAID Promoting Tanzania’s Environment, Conservation, and Tourism' (U.S. Embassy in Tanzania, 31 March 2022) https://tz.usembassy.gov/usaid-promoting-tanzanias-environment-conservation-and-tourism/ accessed 23 December 2025
[7] EveryCRSReport.com, 'Biodiversity and Conservation in Tanzania' (EveryCRSReport.com, 31 July 2024) https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48146.html accessed 23 December 2025
[8] The Oakland Institute, 'PULLING BACK THE CURTAIN' (The Oakland Institute, 12 September 2023) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/us-tz-brief.pdf accessed 23 December 2025
[9] Global Conservation, 'GC’s Investments in Ngorongoro, Tanzania, Showcase Passion for Coexistence with Wildlife Amid Nightly Raids' (Global Conservation, 30 September 2024) https://globalconservation.org/news/gc-investments-in-ngorongoro-tanzania-showcases-passion-for-coexistence-with-wildlife-despite-tensions-with-elephants accessed 23 December 2025
[10] Lion Recovery Fund, 'Project Database' (Lion Recovery Fund) https://lionrecoveryfund.org/project-database/ accessed 23 December 2025
[11] Wild Survivors, 'Ngorongoro Ecosystem' (Wild Survivors) https://wildsurvivors.org/ngorongoro-ecosystem accessed 23 December 2025
[12] Frankfurt Zoological Society, 'Serengeti Ecosystem' (Frankfurt Zoological Society) https://fzs.org/en/programs/tanzania/serengeti-ecosystem/ accessed 23 December 2025
[13] Cheetah Conservation Initiative, 'Ngorongoro Human-Carnivore Conflict Mitigation Project' (Cheetah Conservation Initiative) https://cheetahconservationinitiative.com/ngorongoro-human-carnivore-conflict-mitigation-project/ accessed 23 December 2025
[14] African Wildlife Foundation, 'Tanzania' (African Wildlife Foundation) https://www.awf.org/where-we-work/tanzania accessed 23 December 2025
[15] Maono Conservation, 'Current Projects' (Maono Conservation) https://www.maonoconservation.org/currentprojects accessed 23 December 2025
[16] UNESCO, State of Conservation https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4663 accessed 16 December 2025.
[17] UNESCO, Building the capacity of local communities and stakeholders for a dialogue towards sustainable livelihoods in tune with wildlife protection and ecosystem management in Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) https://whc.unesco.org/en/intassistance/2621 accessed 16 December 2025
Following the London Conference of 1933 for the protection of African Wildlife by establishing National Parks, Ngorongoro-Serengeti were declared National Parks in 1940. Maasai were, however, not evicted in line with the interpretation of the National Park as defined in the London Conference. )For context, the 1933 London Convention promoted protected areas, but the Serengeti National Park was formally established in 1951; the NCA was created in 1959 as a “multiple land use” conservation area rather than a national park).⁽¹⁸⁾
In 1951, the National Park law was amended to illegalize the Maasai's presence in the National Park. The change in the legislation led to the division of the National park into two, namely, Serengeti park on the western part that would remain a National Park, and Ngorongoro that will be allowed for Human-Wildlife Co-existence. This decision was reached in May 1959.
In July 1959, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) was designated a Conservation Area due to its rich biodiversity, but with the assurance of the Maasai's continued presence. At the time of designation as a Conservation Area, Ngorongoro had an estimated Population of more than ten thousand People.⁽¹⁹⁾ The NCA was established under the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance (Cap. 413) as a “multiple land use” area intended to balance conservation, Maasai livelihoods, and tourism.⁽²⁰⁾
Ngorongoro was managed by the Board whose key roles include: (1) conserving nature and cultural resources, (2) promoting tourism, and (3) improving Indigenous communities' welfare. Major amendments in the 1970s tightened restrictions on land access and use (including restrictions on cultivation in the Crater), reflecting a shift toward stricter conservation enforcement.⁽²¹⁾ The Serengeti National Park and NCA formed a united ecosystem before it split in 1959.⁽²²⁾
The NCA was designated as a Natural World Heritage Site in 1979 for its management quality and global significance, bringing stricter conservation standards,⁽²³⁾ a Man and Biosphere Reserve in 1981, a Mixed World Heritage Site in 2010,⁽²⁴⁾ and, most recently, a UNESCO Global Geopark in 2018.⁽²⁵⁾ The 1981 acknowledgment highlighted the contribution of Maasai residents in maintaining the landscape's multifunctional services. However, multiple sources document that these international inscriptions and subsequent monitoring were not based on Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) by the Maasai, and that community participation was limited—particularly around the 2010 cultural inscription.⁽²⁶⁾
From the mid-2000s onward, UNESCO/IUCN/ICOMOS monitoring increasingly framed resident population, livestock, and land use as “pressures” on Outstanding Universal Value. A 2007 UNESCO–IUCN reactive monitoring mission and a 2008 follow-up mission emphasized “carrying capacity” approaches and urged measures to address population pressure and increasing agricultural use, alongside tourism control.⁽²⁷⁾ During this period, Maasai representatives also issued statements/counter-statements to international missions and stakeholders, contesting problem-framing that treated their presence as incompatible with conservation and warning against coercive outcomes.⁽²⁸⁾
Indigenous organizations and allies escalated these concerns in UN fora: at UNPFII (10th session, 2011), civil society highlighted Ngorongoro as an example of World Heritage processes restricting Indigenous livelihoods and called for UNESCO to ensure procedures comply with international FPIC norms and to include Indigenous representatives and experts in deliberations and in reforms to Operational Guidelines.⁽²⁹⁾ These debates fed into wider UNESCO discussions (including expert processes convened in Copenhagen) on aligning World Heritage practice with Indigenous Peoples’ rights and FPIC standards.⁽³⁰⁾
More recently, a 2019 joint World Heritage Centre/ICOMOS/IUCN mission reiterated “overpopulation” narratives and recommended revisiting the Multiple Land Use Model. This coincided with Government planning and zoning proposals widely criticized for shrinking areas available for pastoralist use and for driving relocations; NGO and human-rights reporting describe these processes as insufficiently participatory and linked to coercive relocation pressures.⁽³¹⁾ In April 2021, the NCAA issued eviction/demolition notices affecting homes and community facilities, contributing to a climate of fear and uncertainty even where specific actions were later paused or modified.⁽³²⁾
In 2025, NCA won Africa's leading tourist attraction.⁽³³⁾ The Maasai's harmonious coexistence with wildlife challenges the widespread belief that their presence contributes to ecological degradation.⁽³⁴⁾ This recognition highlights the strong overall conditions, ecological integrity, and effective natural resource management in the NCA, directly countering claims made by opponents of human-wildlife coexistence.
[18] Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State (London, 8 November 1933); Peter J Rogers, ‘International Conservation Governance and the Early History of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania’ (2009) 4 Global Environment 78
[19] United Republic of Tanzania, Game Parks Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 1975 (Act No 14 of 1975) (amending Cap 413; establishing NCAA and Board; setting out functions including safeguarding Maasai interests).
[20] UNESCO World Heritage Centre and IUCN, Mission Report: Reactive Monitoring Mission, Ngorongoro Conservation Area (United Republic of Tanzania), 1–6 December 2008 (10 June 2009) 7–8 (noting the 1959 Ordinance No 413 and “multiple land use area”).
[21] Lynn The Salmons, Ngorongoro Conservation Area Tanzania (UNEP-WCMC/World Heritage datasheet compilation) (noting 1975 legal changes including prohibitions on cultivation in the Crater).
[22] Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, About NCAA https://www.ncaa.go.tz/about-ncaa/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[23] Ibid.
[24] OHCHR, Maasai Indigenous Residents of Ngorongoro Conservation Area https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/indigenouspeoples/sr/callforinputcovidrecoverysubmissions/2022-07-28/MaasaiIndigenousResidentsofNgorongoroConservationArea.pdf accessed 16 December 2025.
[25] Joseph Oleshangay, Truth, Falsity and Mismanagement of Ngorongoro (2022) https://www.academia.edu/88472219/Truth_Falsity_and_Mismanagment_of_Ngorongoro_Community_Assesment_report_MAY accessed 16 December 2025.
[26] Geneviève Rose, ‘Ngorongoro Conservation Area’ in Stefan Disko and Helen Tugendhat (eds), World Heritage Sites and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights (IWGIA Document 129, 2014) (discussing limited involvement/absence of FPIC in the 2010 cultural inscription process).
[27] UNESCO World Heritage Centre and IUCN, Report of the Reactive Monitoring Mission to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, 29 April–5 May 2007; UNESCO World Heritage Centre and IUCN, Mission Report: Reactive Monitoring Mission, Ngorongoro Conservation Area (United Republic of Tanzania), 1–6 December 2008 (carrying capacity framing; concerns about population/agricultural pressure).
[28] ‘Statement, findings and recommendations from the Ngorongoro resident stakeholders’ concerns’ (community statement circulated via Oakland Institute archive).
[29] Joint civil-society submission reproducing UNPFII recommendations on World Heritage and FPIC (quoting UNPFII 10th session report, paras 41–42); IWGIA, Report/outputs associated with the Copenhagen expert process on World Heritage and Indigenous Peoples’ rights and FPIC (contextualising UNESCO debates on aligning WH practice with FPIC).
[30] IWGIA, Report/outputs associated with the Copenhagen expert process on World Heritage and Indigenous Peoples’ rights and FPIC (contextualising UNESCO debates on aligning WH practice with FPIC).
[31] World Heritage Centre/ICOMOS/IUCN, Report on the Joint WHC/ICOMOS/IUCN Mission to Ngorongoro Conservation Area, United Republic of Tanzania, 4–8 March 2019; Human Rights Watch, “It’s Like Killing Culture”: Human Rights Impacts of Relocating Tanzania’s Maasai (31 July 2024) (describing relocation pressures, participation concerns, and human-rights impacts in/around NCA).
[32] The Oakland Institute, Tanzania: The Looming Threat of Eviction to the Maasai of Ngorongoro (2021) (documenting April 2021 notices and demolition/eviction threats and related impacts).
[33] IPP Media, ‘Tanzania lights up World Travel Awards, set to host 2026 version’ (29 June 2025) https://www.ippmedia.com/the-guardian/news/local-news/read/tanzania-lights-up-world-travel-awards-set-to-host-2026-version-2025-06-29-203942 accessed 16 December 2025.
[34] Joseph Oleshangay, Truth, Falsity and Mismanagement of Ngorongoro (2022) https://www.academia.edu/88472219/Truth_Falsity_and_Mismanagment_of_Ngorongoro_Community_Assesment_report_MAY accessed 16 December 2025.
In 2007, a UNESCO and IUCN report highlighted that the Ngorongoro Conservation Area could no longer support the Maasai population of 60,000 people and their 360,000 cattle.⁽³⁷⁾ In response, the Tanzanian government introduced management plans that imposed restrictions on grazing and water access in specific zones, significantly affecting the livelihoods of the Maasai people.
In 2008, the UNESCO-IUCN mission report recommended limiting cattle access to the crater, which directly reduced livestock per capita. Although the mission called for dialogue and a scientific carrying capacity study, it failed to explicitly require that decision-makers obtain Maasai’s Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) before making changes to their land or resource access.
The UNESCO mission framed the “impact of resident populations” as a threat to the area’s Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), casting the Indigenous population as a problem rather than recognizing them as rights-holders. By recommending an assessment of “changes in lifestyle” among resident communities, the mission assumed these changes are problematic or incompatible with conservation goals.
In 2010, the NCA was inscribed as cultural criterion (iv), making it a mixed (natural and cultural) World Heritage Site.⁽³⁸⁾ However, none of these inscriptions sought the free, prior, and informed consent of the Maasai residents in Ngorongoro.⁽³⁹⁾
In 2013, a Census was conducted in NCA.⁽⁴⁰⁾ The Government admitted that 97% of the residents of Ngorongoro are living in abject poverty.⁽⁴¹⁾
In 2016, the Tanzanian government initiated discussions regarding the resettlement of Maasai residents from Ngorongoro without involving the community or ensuring transparency. Private correspondence among high-ranking officials, including the President's Office, Prime Minister's Office, Arusha Regional Commissioner, District Commissioner, and the Chief Conservator for Ngorongoro, revealed plans and justifications for the resettlement.⁽⁴²⁾ Following these discussions, an order from the Prime Minister led to actions that directly resulted in the poisoning of cattle.⁽⁴³⁾
In 2017, multiple parallel processes were launched to justify this decision. Four initiatives were carried out simultaneously to collect data supporting a predetermined outcome.⁽⁴⁴⁾ A team reviewed the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Management Plan but did not publicly share their findings. A census reported a population increase, though its accuracy was widely contested. Additionally, assessments of land use and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Act were conducted without consulting Indigenous Peoples or sharing the results.⁽⁴⁵⁾
In 2018, NCA was inscribed as a UNESCO Global Geopark without consultation and obtaining the FPIC of the Maasai Peoples.⁽⁴⁶⁾.
In March 2019, a joint monitoring mission by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) urged the Tanzanian government to complete its review of the Multiple Land Use Model (MLUM) and submit the findings to the World Heritage Centre and Advisory Bodies. The mission emphasized the need for guidance on the most suitable land use model, particularly concerning the settlement of local communities within protected areas.⁽⁴⁷⁾ In response, the government introduced the Multiple Land Use Model (MLUM), proposing both expansion and resettlement plans.⁽⁴⁸⁾
The MLUM divides the NCA into four distinct zones: a conservation core zone, a conservation sub-zone, a settlement and development zone, and a transition zone. It also proposes expanding the NCA’s boundaries from 8,100 km² to 12,404 km², an increase of approximately 4,304 km² (53.14%).⁽⁴⁹⁾ Although the total area would grow, the proposed zoning significantly reduces the land accessible to the Maasai for pastoralism, settlement, and small-scale farming activities vital to their survival and cultural identity. The plan is to relocate about 82,000 residents by 2027.⁽⁵⁰⁾
Systematic Deprivation of Social Services and Human Rights Violations in Ngorongoro:
Since 2021, the Tanzanian Government has initiated a relocation programme for communities residing in Ngorongoro.⁽⁵¹⁾ Since the announcement, this program explicitly showed it's not voluntary but coercive and forceful, and in serious human rights violations.⁽⁵²⁾ The government actions include deliberate stalling of socio-economic services,⁽⁵³⁾ mass arrests and unlawful detention of community members,⁽⁵⁴⁾ and coercive registration of residents for relocation without their free and informed consent.⁽⁵⁵⁾
Ngorongoro Division, within Ngorongoro District, comprises 11 wards, 25 villages, and a population exceeding 100,000 people.⁽⁵⁶⁾ Indigenous communities in this area are currently experiencing severe and far-reaching consequences arising from these violations. Restricted access to resources essential for food production and livelihoods has resulted in unprecedented levels of food insecurity. This, in turn, has adversely affected community health and led to widespread malnutrition, including among adults.⁽⁵⁷⁾
Civil society organizations reported that, from 2021–2022, essential social services and development works in Ngorongoro deteriorated or were suspended, with construction of schools, health facilities, and water infrastructure halted, and development funds redirected away from Ngorongoro.⁽⁵⁸⁾ Parallel reporting described demolitions and enforcement actions justified by “permit” restrictions, contributing to a broader climate of coercion around relocation.⁽⁵⁹⁾
In April 2021, President Samia’s comments on “population pressure” in Ngorongoro sparked a chain of events that activated long-standing plans to remove the Maasai from Ngorongoro.⁽⁶⁰⁾ Days later, the government issued demolition notices targeting vital community structures like schools, dispensaries, and churches, among others.⁽⁶¹⁾
Six days after the president's statement, on 12th April 2021, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA), the state corporation responsible for protecting and managing the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), issued a 30-day eviction notice to 45 Indigenous pastoralists living in the NCA.⁽⁶²⁾ However, on 20 April 2021, this eviction was temporarily put on hold. This was triggered by the protests of pastoralists living in the NCA, who held a press conference in Arusha on 19 April 2021. The resulting news items attracted a public outcry, forcing the NCAA to withdraw from its original stance and issue a letter saying that the eviction was halted until further notice.⁽⁶³⁾
Though the notice was retracted after public backlash, the intention to displace it was clear and marked a new chapter of state-led evictions.⁽⁶⁴⁾
Key decisions were made by private tourism lobbies, not scientists or communities.⁽⁶⁵⁾ Some of the relocation site, like Msomera, was selected in a public event by the tour operators in April 2021 as a far place from Ngorongoro capable of erasing identity and connection from the Ngorongoro Maasai.
In the same year (April 2021), the Government issued a public notice announcing its intention to demolish several essential public and community facilities, citing conservation imperatives.⁽⁶⁶⁾
Meanwhile, peaceful demonstrations have taken place in Endulen in response to the non-participatory relocation process and the collapse of social services, including the unsafe condition of Ndian Primary School. Rather than addressing these concerns, the Government has responded with repression.⁽⁶⁷⁾
On February 9, 2022, the Tanzanian Parliament discussed policy changes aimed at accelerating the eviction of the Maasai from the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA).⁽⁶⁸⁾
While the majority of MPs supported the eviction, only three Maasai representatives opposed the measure.⁽⁶⁹⁾
[37] UNESCO and IUCN Report (2007) p 19
[38] UNESCO, ‘World Heritage Committee inscribes Ngorongoro Conservation Area (Tanzania) as Cultural World Heritage Site’ https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/641/?utm_=
accessed 16 December 2025.
[39] Cultural Survival, ‘UNESCO: (Dis)honoring Indigenous Rights’ https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/unesco-dishonoring-indigenous-rights?utm_= accessed 16 December 2025
[40] UNESCO: (Dis)honoring Indigenous Rights Ibid
[41] JMT, Taarifa ya Tathmini ya Watu na Hali ya Uchumi Tarafa ya Ngorongoro, Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu (TAMISEMI), Dodoma, Septemba 2013.
[42] Tanzania Government (Prime Minister's Office), Community and Ecological Sustainable Plan Ngorongoro Conservation Area https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HISuwmkGHg6THE1XjHTJeURXAVfF9FkK/edit?pli=1 accessed 16 December 2025.
[43] Tanzania Government, Saltlick Report for Ngorongoro https://drive.google.com/file/d/1V9dIBvXUB2A0rC93scLOE8SPnohDhHNZ/view
Accessed 16 December 2025.
[44] Maasai Community, Ngorongoro Conservation Area: Not Our World Heritage Site – a history of exclusion and marginalisation of Maasai residents (Submission to UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/indigenouspeoples/sr/callforinputcovidrecoverysubmissions/2022-07-28/MaasaiIndigenousResidentsofNgorongoroConservationArea.pdf accessed 16 December 2025.
[45] Maasai Community: Ngorongoro Conservation Area: Not Our World Heritage Site: A history of exclusion and marginalisation of Maasai residents https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/indigenouspeoples/sr/callforinputcovidrecoverysubmissions/2022-07-28/MaasaiIndigenousResidentsofNgorongoroConservationArea.pdf accessed 16 December 2025.
[46] Ngorongoro Lengai UNESCO Global Geopark, About History https://geopark.ncaa.go.tz/about-history/?utm_=
accessed 16 December 2025.
[47] UNESCO/IUCN/ICOMOS, Report of the joint World Heritage Centre/IUCN/ICOMOS Reactive Monitoring mission to Ngorongoro Conservation Areas (United Republic of Tanzania), 4–9 March 2019 https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/174817 accessed 16 December 2025.
[48] UNESCO, State of conservation report by the State Party – The Multiple Land Use Model of Ngorongoro Conservation Area: Achievements and lessons learnt, Challenges and Options for the future https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/39/documents/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[49] State of conservation report by the State Party. Ibid
[50] Human Rights Watch, ‘Tanzania Should Halt Plan to Relocate Maasai Pastoralists’ (22 February 2023) https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/22/tanzania-should-halt-plan-relocate-maasai-pastoralists?utm_= accessed 16 December 2025.
[51] Human Rights Watch, “It’s Like Killing Culture”: Human Rights Impacts of Relocating Tanzania’s Maasai (Report, 31 July 2024)
[52] The Guardian, ‘Tanzania’s Maasai appeal to west to stop eviction for conservation plans’ (22 April 2022) https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/apr/22/tanzania-maasai-appeal-to-west-stop-evictions-due-to-conservation-plans accessed 16 December 2025.
[53] Tanzania’s human rights defenders’ joint statement, Human Rights Defenders’ Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division (22 August 2024) 1–2
[54] Amnesty International, ‘Tanzania: End the crackdown on the Maasai standing up against forced evictions in Ngorongoro’ (Press Release, 25 August 2023)
[55] Human Rights Watch, “It’s Like Killing Culture”: Human Rights Impacts of Relocating Tanzania’s Maasai (Report, 31 July 2024)
[56] Tanzania’s human rights defenders’ joint statement, Human Rights Defenders’ Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division (22 August 2024)
[57] The Oakland Institute, Flawed Plans for Maasai Relocation from Ngorongoro and Loliondo (May 2022)
[58] Tanzania’s human rights defenders’ joint statement, Human Rights Defenders’ Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division (22 August 2024
[59] The Oakland Institute, Flawed Plans for Maasai Relocation from Ngorongoro and Loliondo (May 2022)
[60] Joseph Oleshangay, ‘What President Samia Needs To Know About Ngorongoro’ (2021a) https://thechanzo.com/2021/04/14/what-president-samia-needs-to-know-about-ngorongoro/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[61] The Oakland Institute, Flawed Plans for Maasai Relocation from Ngorongoro and Loliondo (May 2022)
[62] International Platform for Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Sign On Petition: Stop The Eviction Of Indigenous Pastoralist Communities In Ngorongoro Conservation Area https://www.iprights.org/index.php/en/all-news/sign-on-petition-stop-the-eviction-of-indigenous-pastoralist-communities-in-ngorongoro-conservation-area?highlight=WyJ1bmVzY28iLCJ1bmVzY28ncyJd accessed 16 December 2025.
[63] The Oakland Institute, Flawed Plans for Maasai Relocation from Ngorongoro and Loliondo (May 2022)
[64] Joseph Oleshangay, ‘With Eviction Notice Suspended, NCAA Leadership Must Now Be Held Accountable’ (2021b) https://thechanzo.com/2021/04/20/with-eviction-notice-suspended-ncaa-leadership-must-now-be-held-accountable/
accessed 16 December 2025; see also IWIGIA, ‘Indigenous peoples in Tanzania’ https://iwgia.org/en/tanzania/4643-iw-2022-tanzania.html
accessed 16 December 2025.
[65] Joseph Oleshangay, State-Enabled Dispossession Masked as Conservation Emergency: The Hidden War Against the Maasai in Ngorongoro (2025) https://thechanzo.com/2025/08/18/state-enabled-dispossession-masked-as-conservation-emergency-the-hidden-war-against-the-maasai-in-ngorongoro/
Accessed 16 December 2025.
[66] Human Rights Watch, “It’s Like Killing Culture”: Human Rights Impacts of Relocating Tanzania’s Maasai (31 July 2024); The Chanzo (Tanzania), ‘NCAA retracts 30-day notice served on 45 “illegal settlers” at Ngorongoro, following public outcry’ (20 April 2021) https://thechanzo.com/2021/04/20/ncaa-retracts-30-day-notice-served-on-45-illegal-settlers-at-ngorongoro-following-public-outcry/ accessed 23 December 2025; The Oakland Institute, ‘NCAA/Ngorongoro eviction notice (45 “illegal settlers”)’ (pdf, English translation; dated April 2021) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/pdfpreview/ncaa_english_translation.pdf accessed 23 December 2025.
[67] TZA 2/2023
[68] Oakland Institute, Maasai Rising Resist Eviction Plans Ngorongoro Conservation Area https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/maasai-rising-resist-eviction-plans-ngorongoro-conservation-area accessed 16 December 2025. Ibid.
[69] Ibid
[70] Ibid
[71] TZA 2/2023
[72] https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/maasai-rising-resist-eviction-plans-ngorongoro-conservation-area
[73] Amnesty International, ‘Tanzania: End the crackdown on the Maasai standing up against forced evictions in Ngorongoro’ (25 August 2023) https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/08/tanzania-must-end-crackdown-on-masaai-fighting-forced-evictions/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[74] Tanzania’s human rights defenders’ joint statement, Human Rights Defenders’ Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division (22 August 2024)
[75] Human Rights Watch, ‘It’s Like Killing Culture: Human Rights Impacts of Relocating Tanzania’s Maasai’ (31 July 2024) https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/31/its-killing-culture/human-rights-impacts-relocating-tanzanias-maasai accessed 16 December 2025.
[76] Joseph Oleshangay, ‘Unmasking Government Controversial Proposals in Ngorongoro’ (2021b) https://thechanzo.com/2022/02/07/unmasking-government-controversial-proposals-in-ngorongoro/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[77] Human Rights Watch, ‘Tanzania: Indigenous Maasai Being Forcibly Relocated’ https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/31/tanzania-indigenous-maasai-being-forcibly-relocated accessed 16 December 2025; see also Amnesty International (n 30).
[78] Human Rights Watch Tanzania: Indigenous Maasai Being Forcibly Relocated https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/08/tanzania-must-end-crackdown-on-masaai-fighting-forced-evictions/
[79] https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/08/tanzania-must-end-crackdown-on-masaai-fighting-forced-evictions/
[80] Tanzania: Indigenous Maasai Being Forcibly Relocated https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/31/tanzania-indigenous-maasai-being-forcibly-relocated
[81] Tanzania: Indigenous Maasai Being Forcibly Relocated https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/31/tanzania-indigenous-maasai-being-forcibly-relocated
[82] Rights and Resources Initiative, Human Rights Defenders' Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf accessed 16 December 2025.
[83] Rights and Resources Initiative, Human Rights Defenders' Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf accessed 16 December 2025.
[84] Human Rights Watch, ‘“It’s Like Killing Culture”: Human Rights Impacts of Relocating Tanzania’s Maasai’ (31 July 2024); Rights and Resources Initiative, Human Rights Defenders' Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf accessed 16 December 2025.
[85] Joseph Oleshangay (2022) Truth, Falsity and Mismanagement of Ngorongoro https://www.academia.edu/88472219/Truth_Falsity_and_Mismanagment_of_Ngorongoro_Community_Assesment_report_MAY
[86] https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/press-release/maasai-rising-resist-eviction-plans-ngorongoro-conservation-area
[87] Flying Medical Service, letter dated 2 April 2025 to Chairperson and members, Presidential Committee on Land in Ngorongoro District.
[88] Rights and Resources Initiative, 'Human Rights Defenders' Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division' (Statement, 2023) https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf
Human Rights Watch, "It's Like Killing Culture": Human Rights Impacts of Relocating Tanzania's Maasai' (HRW Report, 31 July 2024) https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/31/its-killing-culture/human-rights-impacts-relocating-tanzanias-maasai
[89] National Catholic Reporter, 'Maasai resist Tanzanian government evictions' (9 October 2023) https://www.ncronline.org/news/we-will-not-go-anywhere-maasai-resist-tanzanian-government-evictions
[90] Ngorongoro District Executive Director, 'Transfer of COVID-19 Project Funds TSHS. 160,000,000 to Handeni District Council' (Letter, 31 March 2022, Ref.No.NGOR/DC/F.1/02/VOLIII/68) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/pdfpreview/covid-19-fund-transfer-ngorongoro-handeni-eng.pdf
[91] Rights and Resources Initiative, 'Human Rights Defenders' Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division' (Statement, 2023) https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf
[92] Ngorongoro District Executive Director, 'Transfer of COVID-19 Project Funds TSHS. 160,000,000 to Handeni District Council' (Letter, 31 March 2022, Ref.No.NGOR/DC/F.1/02/VOLIII/68) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/pdfpreview/covid-19-fund-transfer-ngorongoro-handeni-eng.pdf
[93] Human Rights Watch, '"It's Like Killing Culture": Human Rights Impacts of Relocating Tanzania's Maasai' (HRW Report, 31 July 2024) https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/31/its-killing-culture/human-rights-impacts-relocating-tanzanias-maasai
[94] Ngorongoro District Executive Director, 'Transfer of COVID-19 Project Funds TSHS. 195,500,000 to Handeni District Council' (Letter, 31 March 2022, Ref.No. NGOR/DC/F.1/02/VOLIII/69) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/pdfpreview/covid-19-fund-transfer-ngorongoro-handeni-eng.pdf
[95] Ngorongoro District Executive Director, 'Transfer of COVID-19 Project Funds TSHS. 195,500,000 to Handeni District Council' (Letter, 31 March 2022, Ref.No. NGOR/DC/F.1/02/VOLIII/69) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/pdfpreview/covid-19-fund-transfer-ngorongoro-handeni-eng.pdf
[96] Ngorongoro District Executive Director, 'Transfer of COVID-19 Project Funds TSHS. 195,500,000 to Handeni District Council' (Letter, 31 March 2022, Ref.No. NGOR/DC/F.1/02/VOLIII/69) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/pdfpreview/covid-19-fund-transfer-ngorongoro-handeni-eng.pdf
[97] Rights and Resources Initiative, 'Human Rights Defenders' Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division' (Statement, 2023) https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf
[98] LHRC, Mpango wa kuwahamisha wakazi wa Ngorongoro usitumike kuwanyanyasa wananchi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqY1GrUeB5M accessed 16 December 2025.
[99] The Guardian, ‘Ngorongoro: Samia forms commissions for key land issues, assessing relocation’ (25 December 2024) https://www.ippmedia.com/the-guardian/news/local-news/read/ngorongoro-samia-forms-commissions-for-key-land-issues-assessing-relocation-2024-12-24-192316 accessed 16 December 2025.
[100] Tanzania Invest, ‘Tanzania Inaugurates Commissions to Address Ngorongoro Land Disputes and Relocation Issues’ https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/tourism/ngorongoro-land-dispute-commissions-inauguration accessed 16 December 2025.
[101] Concerned Scientists, Letter on Ngorongoro https://docs.google.com/document/d/12ZoN4Gl8Ifn6vgKExC1xgjSyX_RyadFekpVKcW-wvs0/edit?tab=t.0 accessed 16 December 2025.
Strictly prohibits large-scale development projects. Besides indigenous communities and public infrastructures, only Tourism facilities exist within the NCA to accommodate visitors who come to experience its unique ecosystem and cultural sites.[35] At least 62 companies offer a range of services from luxury accommodation to guided safaris.
Also read the report on WWF Tourism Partnership with NatHab[36]
[35] Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority https://www.ncaa.go.tz/
William Oleseki and 5 Others vs National Electoral Commission and another MISCELLANEOUS CIVIL CAUSE NO 000028736 OF 2024. The case responded to the National Electoral Commission's removal of Ngorongoro Division as a Constituency for the election. The National Electoral Commission reinstated voting rights in Ngorongoro.
Baraka Moson Kesoi and Another v. NCAA and 2 Others Criminal Appeal No.9 of 2023. The case challenges seizure and imposition of a fine for livestock by the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, while the law allows pastoralism in Ngorongoro.
Ngotieti Kokoyo v. NCAA and 2 Others Criminal Appeal No.9980 of 2024. The case challenges seizure and imposition of a fine for livestock by the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, while the law allows pastoralism in Ngorongoro.
Julius Laitayok and 4 Others vs The Minister President Office and Local Government Authority and Another Misc Civil Cause No 21386 of 2024. The case challenges the decision to delist villages in Ngorongoro.
Isaya Olepose LAIZER vs Minister PO-RALG and Another MISCELLANEOUS CAUSE NO 20592 OF 2024. The case filed by state affiliates to procure a Court order to deceive the Maasai, demonstrating that they won the case that they never filed in Court. On August 22, 2024, the High Court of Tanzania issued a temporary injunction (Government Notice No. 673), which suspended the dissolution of wards, villages, and hamlets, including those in Ngorongoro District.[102] Daniel Olewanga and 38 Others vs Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority and 6 Others. The Habeas Corpus case was filed in favor of 39 people being held incommunicado as part of a state coercive effort to instigate relocation in Ngorongoro.
- The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (1977)
https://www.nao.go.tz/uploads/Constitution_of_the_United_Republic_of_Tanzania_en.pdf - The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Act, Cap. 284 (R.E. 2002)
https://www.mnrt.go.tz/index.php/resources/view/the-ngorongoro-conservation-area-act-cap-284
See also: https://tanzlii.org/akn/tz/act/1959/14/eng@2002-07-31 - The Wildlife Conservation Act, No. 5 of 2009 (Cap. 283)
https://www.parliament.go.tz/polis/uploads/bills/acts/1662104063-CHAPTER%20283-THE%20WILDLIFE%20CONSERVATION%20ACT.pdf - The Village Land Act, No. 5 of 1999
https://media.tanzlii.org/files/legislation/akn-tz-act-1999-5-eng-2019-11-30.pdf - The Land Act, No. 4 of 1999
https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan23795.pdf - The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance (Amendment) Act, No. 14 of 1959
https://www.parliament.go.tz/polis/uploads/bills/acts/1565009945The%20Ngorongoro%20Conservation%20Area%20Ord.%20(Amdt.)%20Act,%2043-1963.pdf
https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan17717.pdf - The National Parks Act, Cap. 252
https://tanzanialaws.com/statutes/principal-legislation/239-national-parks-act
https://www.mnrt.go.tz/index.php/resources/view/the-national-parks-act-cap-283 - The Land Acquisition Act, Cap. 118
https://tanzlii.org/akn/tz/act/1967/47/eng@2019-11-30/source.pdf
On January 17, 2024, government spokesperson Mr. Mobhare Matinyi emphasized the urgent need for relocation to protect the Ngorongoro. He warned that if the current situation continues, 67% of the Ngorongoro region could be destroyed within the next 26 years, underscoring the government’s push for stricter conservation measures.[114] The relocation is still in operation under the name of volunteering bases, but in reality, it is coercive and forceful.
[114] The Citizen, ‘Arusha High Court halts government notice on village dissolution’ https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/court-news/arusha-high-court-halts-government-notice-on-village-dissolution-4735772 accessed 16 December 2025.
[1] World Heritage Convention, United Republic of Tanzania https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/tz accessed 16 December 2025.
[2] World Heritage Convention, Ngorongoro Conservation Area https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/39/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[3] Protected Planet, Discover the world’s protected and conserved areas https://www.protectedplanet.net/en accessed 16 December 2025.
[4] Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, About NCAA https://www.ncaa.go.tz/about-ncaa/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[5] UNESCO World Heritage Centre, “Ngorongoro Conservation Area - Assistance” https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/39/assistance/ accessed 23 December 2025.
[6] GIZ, “Programme Sustainable Management of Natural Resources” https://www.giz.de/en/projects/programme-sustainable-management-natural-resources accessed 23 December 2025.
[7] World Bank, “Factsheet and Q&A on Measures to Address REGROW Challenges” (9 September 2025) https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2025/09/09/factsheet-and-qa-on-measures-to-address-regrow-challenges accessed 23 December 2025.
[8] U.S. Embassy in Tanzania, “USAID Promoting Tanzania’s Environment, Conservation, and Tourism” (31 March 2022) https://tz.usembassy.gov/usaid-promoting-tanzanias-environment-conservation-and-tourism/ accessed 23 December 2025.
[9] EveryCRSReport.com, “Biodiversity and Conservation in Tanzania” (31 July 2024) https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48146.html accessed 23 December 2025.
[10] The Oakland Institute, “PULLING BACK THE CURTAIN” (12 September 2023) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/us-tz-brief.pdf accessed 23 December 2025.
[11] Global Conservation, “GC’s Investments in Ngorongoro, Tanzania…” (30 September 2024) https://globalconservation.org/news/gc-investments-in-ngorongoro-tanzania-showcases-passion-for-coexistence-with-wildlife-despite-tensions-with-elephants accessed 23 December 2025.
[12] Lion Recovery Fund, “Project Database” https://lionrecoveryfund.org/project-database/ accessed 23 December 2025.
[13] Wild Survivors, “Ngorongoro Ecosystem” https://wildsurvivors.org/ngorongoro-ecosystem accessed 23 December 2025.
[14] Frankfurt Zoological Society, “Serengeti Ecosystem” https://fzs.org/en/programs/tanzania/serengeti-ecosystem/ accessed 23 December 2025.
[15] Cheetah Conservation Initiative, “Ngorongoro Human-Carnivore Conflict Mitigation Project” https://cheetahconservationinitiative.com/ngorongoro-human-carnivore-conflict-mitigation-project/ accessed 23 December 2025.
[16] African Wildlife Foundation, “Tanzania” https://www.awf.org/where-we-work/tanzania accessed 23 December 2025.
[17] Maono Conservation, “Current Projects” https://www.maonoconservation.org/currentprojects accessed 23 December 2025.
[18] UNESCO, State of Conservation https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4663 accessed 16 December 2025.
[19] UNESCO, “Building the capacity of local communities…” https://whc.unesco.org/en/intassistance/2621 accessed 16 December 2025.
[20] Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State (London, 8 November 1933); Peter J Rogers, “International Conservation Governance…” (2009) 4 Global Environment 78.
[21] United Republic of Tanzania, Game Parks Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 1975 (Act No 14 of 1975).
[22] UNESCO World Heritage Centre and IUCN, Mission Report: Reactive Monitoring Mission, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, 1–6 December 2008 (10 June 2009) 7–8.
[23] Lynn The Salmons, Ngorongoro Conservation Area Tanzania (UNEP-WCMC/World Heritage datasheet compilation).
[24] Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, About NCAA https://www.ncaa.go.tz/about-ncaa/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[25] OHCHR, Maasai Indigenous Residents of Ngorongoro Conservation Area https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/indigenouspeoples/sr/callforinputcovidrecoverysubmissions/2022-07-28/MaasaiIndigenousResidentsofNgorongoroConservationArea.pdf accessed 16 December 2025.
[26] Joseph Oleshangay, Truth, Falsity and Mismanagement of Ngorongoro (2022) https://www.academia.edu/88472219/Truth_Falsity_and_Mismanagment_of_Ngorongoro_Community_Assesment_report_MAY accessed 16 December 2025.
[27] Geneviève Rose, “Ngorongoro Conservation Area” in Disko & Tugendhat (eds), World Heritage Sites and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights (IWGIA Document 129, 2014).
[28] UNESCO WHC and IUCN, Report of the Reactive Monitoring Mission to Ngorongoro (29 April–5 May 2007); and Mission Report (1–6 December 2008).
[29] “Statement, findings and recommendations from the Ngorongoro resident stakeholders’ concerns” (community statement circulated via Oakland Institute archive).
[30] Joint civil-society submission reproducing UNPFII recommendations on World Heritage and FPIC; IWGIA Copenhagen expert process outputs on World Heritage & FPIC.
[31] IWGIA, report/outputs associated with the Copenhagen expert process on World Heritage and Indigenous Peoples’ rights and FPIC.
[32] World Heritage Centre/ICOMOS/IUCN Mission to Ngorongoro (4–8 March 2019); Human Rights Watch, “It’s Like Killing Culture” (31 July 2024).
[33] The Oakland Institute, Tanzania: The Looming Threat of Eviction to the Maasai of Ngorongoro (2021).
[34] IPP Media, “Tanzania lights up World Travel Awards, set to host 2026 version” (29 June 2025) https://www.ippmedia.com/the-guardian/news/local-news/read/tanzania-lights-up-world-travel-awards-set-to-host-2026-version-2025-06-29-203942 accessed 16 December 2025.
[35] Joseph Oleshangay, Truth, Falsity and Mismanagement of Ngorongoro (2022) https://www.academia.edu/88472219/Truth_Falsity_and_Mismanagment_of_Ngorongoro_Community_Assesment_report_MAY accessed 16 December 2025.
[36] Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority https://www.ncaa.go.tz/
[37] https://www.preservationpause.org/wwf-tourism-violations
[38] UNESCO and IUCN Report (2007) p 19.
[39] UNESCO, “World Heritage Committee inscribes Ngorongoro Conservation Area (Tanzania) as Cultural World Heritage Site” https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/641/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[40] Cultural Survival, “UNESCO: (Dis)honoring Indigenous Rights” https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/unesco-dishonoring-indigenous-rights accessed 16 December 2025.
[41] JMT, Taarifa ya Tathmini ya Watu na Hali ya Uchumi Tarafa ya Ngorongoro, Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu (TAMISEMI), Dodoma, Septemba 2013.
[42] Tanzania Government (Prime Minister Office), Community and Ecological Sustainable Plan Ngorongoro Conservation Area https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HISuwmkGHg6THE1XjHTJeURXAVfF9FkK/edit?pli=1 accessed 16 December 2025.
[43] Tanzania Government, Saltlick Report for Ngorongoro https://drive.google.com/file/d/1V9dIBvXUB2A0rC93scLOE8SPnohDhHNZ/view accessed 16 December 2025.
[44] Maasai Community, Ngorongoro Conservation Area: Not Our World Heritage Site – a history of exclusion and marginalisation of Maasai residents (Submission to UN SR on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/indigenouspeoples/sr/callforinputcovidrecoverysubmissions/2022-07-28/MaasaiIndigenousResidentsofNgorongoroConservationArea.pdf accessed 16 December 2025.
[45] Ngorongoro Lengai UNESCO Global Geopark, About History https://geopark.ncaa.go.tz/about-history/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[46] UNESCO/IUCN/ICOMOS, Reactive Monitoring Mission Report to Ngorongoro (4–9 March 2019) https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/174817 accessed 16 December 2025.
[47] UNESCO, State of conservation report by the State Party – The Multiple Land Use Model of Ngorongoro Conservation Area https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/39/documents/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[48] State of conservation report by the State Party, Ibid.
[49] Human Rights Watch, “Tanzania Should Halt Plan to Relocate Maasai Pastoralists” (22 February 2023) https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/22/tanzania-should-halt-plan-relocate-maasai-pastoralists accessed 16 December 2025.
[50] Human Rights Watch, “It’s Like Killing Culture”: Human Rights Impacts of Relocating Tanzania’s Maasai (Report, 31 July 2024).
[51] The Guardian, “Tanzania’s Maasai appeal to west to stop eviction for conservation plans” (22 April 2022) https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/apr/22/tanzania-maasai-appeal-to-west-stop-evictions-due-to-conservation-plans accessed 16 December 2025.
[52] Tanzania’s human rights defenders’ joint statement, Human Rights Defenders’ Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division (22 August 2024) 1–2.
[53] Amnesty International, “Tanzania: End the crackdown on the Maasai standing up against forced evictions in Ngorongoro” (Press Release, 25 August 2023).
[54] Human Rights Watch, “It’s Like Killing Culture”: Human Rights Impacts of Relocating Tanzania’s Maasai (Report, 31 July 2024).
[55] Tanzania’s human rights defenders’ joint statement, Human Rights Defenders’ Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division (22 August 2024).
[56] The Oakland Institute, Flawed Plans for Maasai Relocation from Ngorongoro and Loliondo (May 2022).
[57] Tanzania’s human rights defenders’ joint statement, Human Rights Defenders’ Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division (22 August 2024).
[58] The Oakland Institute, Flawed Plans for Maasai Relocation from Ngorongoro and Loliondo (May 2022).
[59] Joseph Oleshangay, “What President Samia Needs To Know About Ngorongoro” (2021a) https://thechanzo.com/2021/04/14/what-president-samia-needs-to-know-about-ngorongoro/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[60] The Oakland Institute, Flawed Plans for Maasai Relocation from Ngorongoro and Loliondo (May 2022).
[61] International Platform for Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Sign On Petition: Stop The Eviction… https://www.iprights.org/index.php/en/all-news/sign-on-petition-stop-the-eviction-of-indigenous-pastoralist-communities-in-ngorongoro-conservation-area accessed 16 December 2025.
[62] The Oakland Institute, Flawed Plans for Maasai Relocation from Ngorongoro and Loliondo (May 2022).
[63] Joseph Oleshangay, “With Eviction Notice Suspended, NCAA Leadership Must Now Be Held Accountable” (2021b) https://thechanzo.com/2021/04/20/with-eviction-notice-suspended-ncaa-leadership-must-now-be-held-accountable/ accessed 16 December 2025; see also IWGIA, “Indigenous peoples in Tanzania” https://iwgia.org/en/tanzania/4643-iw-2022-tanzania.html accessed 16 December 2025.
[64] Joseph Oleshangay, State-Enabled Dispossession Masked as Conservation Emergency… (2025) https://thechanzo.com/2025/08/18/state-enabled-dispossession-masked-as-conservation-emergency-the-hidden-war-against-the-maasai-in-ngorongoro/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[65] Human Rights Watch (31 July 2024); The Chanzo (20 April 2021); The Oakland Institute eviction notice PDF bundle https://thechanzo.com/2021/04/20/... ; https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/pdfpreview/ncaa_english_translation.pdf accessed 23 December 2025.
[66] TZA 2/2023.
[67] Oakland Institute, Maasai Rising Resist Eviction Plans Ngorongoro Conservation Area https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/maasai-rising-resist-eviction-plans-ngorongoro-conservation-area accessed 16 December 2025.
[68] Ibid.
[69] Ibid.
[70] Ibid.
[71] TZA 2/2023.
[72] https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/maasai-rising-resist-eviction-plans-ngorongoro-conservation-area
[73] Amnesty International, “Tanzania: End the crackdown…” (25 August 2023) https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/08/tanzania-must-end-crackdown-on-masaai-fighting-forced-evictions/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[74] Tanzania’s human rights defenders’ joint statement, Human Rights Defenders’ Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Ngorongoro Division (22 August 2024).
[75] Human Rights Watch, “It’s Like Killing Culture…” (31 July 2024) https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/31/its-killing-culture/human-rights-impacts-relocating-tanzanias-maasai accessed 16 December 2025.
[76] Joseph Oleshangay, “Unmasking Government Controversial Proposals in Ngorongoro” (2021b) https://thechanzo.com/2022/02/07/unmasking-government-controversial-proposals-in-ngorongoro/ accessed 16 December 2025.
[77] Human Rights Watch, “Tanzania: Indigenous Maasai Being Forcibly Relocated” https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/31/tanzania-indigenous-maasai-being-forcibly-relocated accessed 16 December 2025.
[78] Human Rights Watch Tanzania: Indigenous Maasai Being Forcibly Relocated https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/08/tanzania-must-end-crackdown-on-masaai-fighting-forced-evictions/
[79] https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/08/tanzania-must-end-crackdown-on-masaai-fighting-forced-evictions/
[80] Tanzania: Indigenous Maasai Being Forcibly Relocated https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/31/tanzania-indigenous-maasai-being-forcibly-relocated
[81] Tanzania: Indigenous Maasai Being Forcibly Relocated https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/31/tanzania-indigenous-maasai-being-forcibly-relocated
[82] Rights and Resources Initiative, Human Rights Defenders’ Statement https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf accessed 16 December 2025.
[83] Rights and Resources Initiative, Human Rights Defenders’ Statement https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf accessed 16 December 2025.
[84] Human Rights Watch (31 July 2024); Rights and Resources Initiative statement https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf accessed 16 December 2025.
[85] Joseph Oleshangay (2022) Truth, Falsity and Mismanagement of Ngorongoro https://www.academia.edu/88472219/Truth_Falsity_and_Mismanagment_of_Ngorongoro_Community_Assesment_report_MAY
[86] https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/press-release/maasai-rising-resist-eviction-plans-ngorongoro-conservation-area
[87] Flying Medical Service, letter dated 2 April 2025 to Chairperson and members, Presidential Committee on Land in Ngorongoro District.
[88] Rights and Resources Initiative, Statement (2023) https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf; Human Rights Watch (31 July 2024) https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/31/its-killing-culture/human-rights-impacts-relocating-tanzanias-maasai
[89] National Catholic Reporter, “Maasai resist Tanzanian government evictions” (9 October 2023) https://www.ncronline.org/news/we-will-not-go-anywhere-maasai-resist-tanzanian-government-evictions
[90] Ngorongoro District Executive Director, Transfer of COVID-19 Project Funds TSHS 160,000,000 (31 March 2022, Ref.No.NGOR/DC/F.1/02/VOLIII/68) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/pdfpreview/covid-19-fund-transfer-ngorongoro-handeni-eng.pdf
[91] Rights and Resources Initiative, Statement (2023) https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf
[92] Ngorongoro District Executive Director, Transfer of COVID-19 Project Funds TSHS 160,000,000 (31 March 2022, Ref.No.NGOR/DC/F.1/02/VOLIII/68) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/pdfpreview/covid-19-fund-transfer-ngorongoro-handeni-eng.pdf
[93] Human Rights Watch, “It’s Like Killing Culture” (31 July 2024) https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/31/its-killing-culture/human-rights-impacts-relocating-tanzanias-maasai
[94] Ngorongoro District Executive Director, Transfer of COVID-19 Project Funds TSHS 195,500,000 (31 March 2022, Ref.No. NGOR/DC/F.1/02/VOLIII/69) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/pdfpreview/covid-19-fund-transfer-ngorongoro-handeni-eng.pdf
[95] Ngorongoro District Executive Director, Transfer of COVID-19 Project Funds TSHS 195,500,000 (31 March 2022, Ref.No. NGOR/DC/F.1/02/VOLIII/69) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/pdfpreview/covid-19-fund-transfer-ngorongoro-handeni-eng.pdf
[96] Ngorongoro District Executive Director, Transfer of COVID-19 Project Funds TSHS 195,500,000 (31 March 2022, Ref.No. NGOR/DC/F.1/02/VOLIII/69) https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/default/files/files-archive/pdfpreview/covid-19-fund-transfer-ngorongoro-handeni-eng.pdf
[97] Rights and Resources Initiative, Statement (2023) https://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/STATEMENT-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS-SITUATION-IN-NGORONGORO.pdf
[98] LHRC, Mpango wa kuwahamisha wakazi wa Ngorongoro… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqY1GrUeB5M accessed 16 December 2025.
[99] The Guardian (IPP Media), “Samia forms commissions…” (25 December 2024) https://www.ippmedia.com/the-guardian/news/local-news/read/ngorongoro-samia-forms-commissions-for-key-land-issues-assessing-relocation-2024-12-24-192316 accessed 16 December 2025.
[100] Tanzania Invest, “Tanzania Inaugurates Commissions…” https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/tourism/ngorongoro-land-dispute-commissions-inauguration accessed 16 December 2025.
[101] Concerned Scientists, Letter on Ngorongoro https://docs.google.com/document/d/12ZoN4Gl8Ifn6vgKExC1xgjSyX_RyadFekpVKcW-wvs0/edit?tab=t.0 accessed 16 December 2025.
[102] https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/court-news/arusha-high-court-halts-government-notice-on-village-dissolution-4735772
[103] African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), “Tanzania: Joint Promotion and Fact-Finding Mission, 2023” (6 August 2025) https://achpr.au.int/en/mission-reports/tanzania-joint-promotion-fact-finding-mission-2023
[104] IWGIA, “Maasai delegation meets with European governments…” (2 June 2023) https://iwgia.org/en/tanzania/5212-maasai-delegation-european-leaders-governments-politicians-eviction-crisis.html
[105] European Parliament OEIL print summary https://oeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/printsummary.pdf?id=1770369&l=en&t=E
[106] CERD letter (Forest Peoples Programme) https://www.forestpeoples.org/fileadmin/uploads/fpp/Photos/News_Articles/News_PDFs/cerd-ewuap-letter-115-tanzania.pdf
[107] Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977 art 129; GANHRI, Accreditation Status Chart (2024).
[108] Ibrahimu Korosso and 134 Others v District Commissioner of Serengeti District and Others (CHRAGG Complaint No 202 of 2001).
[109] Legal and Human Rights Centre v Attorney General and 4 Others, Civil Appeal No 88 of 2006 (CAT).
[110] Bisimba KB, “Nyamuma Iliyobai”: Safari ya Kutafuta Haki ya Kuwa na Kwao (LHRC 2020) 63–123.
[111] https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/maasai-rising-resist-eviction-plans-ngorongoro-conservation-area
[112] https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/stop_the_maasai_evictions_loc/
[113] https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/maasai-rising-resist-eviction-plans-ngorongoro-conservation-area
[114] The Citizen, “Arusha High Court halts government notice on village dissolution” https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/court-news/arusha-high-court-halts-government-notice-on-village-dissolution-4735772 accessed 16 December 2025.
Regional level:
- Thadeus Clamian vs Attorney General of the United Republic of Tanzania, Reference No 29 of the East Africa Court of Justice. The Case is pending in Court.
- In January 2023, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights initiated a joint mission to Loliondo, Ngorongoro, and Msomera, where it noted various concerns of human rights violations. The Commission’s report was published on its website in August 2025.[103]
- On June 2, 2023, a Maasai delegation meets with European governments and politicians on eviction crisis.[104]
- On December 14, 2023, the European Parliament adopted a resolution that urged the Tanzanian Government to halt evictions of Maasai communities, guarantee their rights, and increase aid allocations while calling on the Commission to report on relevant projects and initiatives in Tanzania.[105]
- On June 2, 2023, a Maasai delegation meets with European governments and politicians on eviction crisis.[104]
- In January 2023, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights initiated a joint mission to Loliondo, Ngorongoro, and Msomera, where it noted various concerns of human rights violations. The Commission’s report was published on its website in August 2025.[103]
United Nations
CERD
On 12 May 2025, CERD issued Early Warning. Previously, CERD on 28 April 2023 issued an Early Warning on the situation of Maasai community in Tanzania. The UN CERD Early Warning/Urgent Action Procedure (2025) urged the Tanzanian government to:
(a) guarantee Maasai Indigenous Peoples equal rights to participate in public life and ensure no decisions affecting their rights are made without their free, prior, and informed consent
(b) protect their right to practice and revitalize their cultural traditions, and recognize their collective ownership and management of ancestral lands and resources
(c) provide effective remedies and fair compensation when lands or resources are taken without consent; and
(d) conduct meaningful consultations with Maasai communities on projects or policies affecting their land, while preventing and addressing excessive force, intimidation, arbitrary arrests, discrimination, and racist speech against them.[106]
UN Special Procedures
Since 2022, multiple UN Special Rapporteurs and Working Groups have repeatedly raised concerns regarding conservation-related evictions, resettlement plans, and restrictions on livelihoods affecting Indigenous Peoples and other communities in Tanzania.
In February 2022, UN Special Rapporteurs on the right to adequate housing, cultural rights, environment, food, the rights of Indigenous Peoples, internally displaced persons, poverty, and water and sanitation jointly communicated concerns to the United Republic of Tanzania (TZA 3/2021), UNESCO (OTH 262/2021), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (OTH 263/2021) and ICOMOS (OTH 264/2021) regarding reported plans for resettlement, forced evictions, home demolitions, and additional livelihood restrictions in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area.
On 3 November 2023, UN Special Procedures, including mandates on the rights of Indigenous Peoples, arbitrary detention, housing, and internally displaced persons, addressed a further communication to the United Republic of Tanzania. This communication raised allegations of increasing pressure on Maasai communities to leave their ancestral lands in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, including reports of arrests and detention of Maasai individuals in Endulen Ward. (TZA 2/2023)
UNPFII
At UNPFII 10th session, orgs raise concern that WHS listings restrict Indigenous livelihoods, citing Ngorongoro. UNPFII recommends UESCO to invite Indigenous Peoples’ representatives and experts to contribute to deliberations on and recommended changes to procedures and operational guidelines and scrutinize current World Heritage nominations to ensure they comply with international norms and standards of free, prior and informed consent. (E/2011/43 E/C.19/2011/14, paras 41-42)
[103] African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), ‘The United Republic of Tanzania: Joint Promotion and Fact-Finding Mission, 2023’ (6 August 2025) https://achpr.au.int/en/mission-reports/tanzania-joint-promotion-fact-finding-mission-2023
[104] International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), ‘Maasai delegation meets with European governments and politicians on eviction crisis’ (2 June 2023) https://iwgia.org/en/tanzania/5212-maasai-delegation-european-leaders-g…
The Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance (CHRAGG)
The Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance (CHRAGG), holds “A-status” accreditation from the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions.[107] CHRAGG may investigate human rights violations, mediate disputes, and recommend remedial action, but it lacks enforcement powers.
In Ibrahimu Korosso and 134 Others v District Commissioner of Serengeti District and Others,[108] the Commission found that state officials had carried out unlawful evictions and ordered resettlement, compensation, and prosecution of those responsible. The Government openly refused to implement the findings. Subsequent litigation culminated in a Court of Appeal ruling affirming that CHRAGG’s decisions were binding and enforceable.[109] Nevertheless, more than two decades later, compensation, resettlement, and prosecutions were not implemented, illustrating entrenched impunity.[110]
[107] Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977 art 129; GANHRI, Accreditation Status Chart (2024).
[108] Ibrahimu Korosso and 134 Others v District Commissioner of Serengeti District and Others (CHRAGG Complaint No 202 of 2001).
[109] Legal and Human Rights Centre v Attorney General and 4 Others Civil Appeal No 88 of 2006 (CAT).
[110] Bisimba KB, ‘Nyamuma Iliyobai’: Safari ya Kutafuta Haki ya Kuwa na Kwao (LHRC 2020) 63–123.
UNESCO
World Heritage Committee
2021
July – Decision 44 COM 7B.171
UNESCO World Heritage Committee (WHC):
Calls on Tanzania to review the Multiple Land Use Model (MLUM) “in consultation with, and with the free, prior and informed consent, as appropriate, of local stakeholders and rightsholders.”
Reiterates concern over conflicts with communities and urges interdisciplinary, participatory solutions.
Recommends an Advisory Mission to assess the MLUM review, voluntary resettlement scheme, and zoning plan.
25 NCA villages send a letter to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, calling for:
Withdrawal of harmful recommendations
End funding for abusive conservation
Human rights review and reparations
In August 2021, a petition was sent to UNESCO's grievance mechanism also went unanswered, highlighting ongoing challenges in seeking genuine dialogue and accountability.
In September 2021, a petition with over 100,000 signatures was delivered to the government and UNESCO World Heritage Committee, urging an end to livelihood restrictions and granting the Maasai autonomy over land use decisions.[111]
2023
Decision 45 COM 7B.30 (WHC)
WHC recalls allegations of human rights violations raised by UN Special Rapporteurs.
Expresses concern about reports of forced relocations and the lack of response by the State Party.
Welcomes Tanzania’s confirmation that no forced relocations will be undertaken, and that a Voluntary Relocation Plan is being implemented—without assessing its legality or compliance with international human rights standards.
Notes the State’s position that the MLUM is outdated and has been reviewed.
Urges Tanzania to:
Submit the MLUM review outcomes.
Share new options under consideration.
Seek advice from Advisory Bodies.
Ensure full consultation with all stakeholders and rights-holders, including Indigenous Peoples, consistent with international norms and standards.
2024
Decision 46 COM 7B.48 (WHC)
Acknowledges that the State's 2020 MLUM Review (shared only in 2024) concludes that maintaining a multiple land use model has more advantages—economically, socially, culturally, and politically—than changing to another protected area category.
Notes the State insists the MLUM will work only if voluntary relocations occur.
Considers the MLUM appropriate in principle, if developed through meaningful consultation and with a human rights-based approach.
Stresses the importance of engaging even those who oppose relocation, especially during the development of the General Management Plan (GMP).
Thanks, Tanzania, for inviting the February 2024 Advisory Mission (UNESCO/IUCN/ICOMOS).
Notes with concern that despite some meetings arranged by the State, many local community representatives report:
They were not met or consulted.
Their concerns were not adequately heard.
Recognizes that a preliminary mission report is being completed, but calls for further in-person and on-site engagement to capture community perspectives on the MLUM and resettlement.
February 2024
UNESCO Advisory Mission visits NCA.
Fails to meet with affected communities.
Indigenous communities denounce the process as illegitimate.
July 2024 – WHC 46th Session
A Maasai delegation attempted to present their concerns to the UNESCO Committee, but procedural barriers and the stance of the Secretariat prevented them from doing so. They reported a lack of engagement and exclusion from decision-making and demanded a new mission and recognition of community perspectives.
NGOs actions:
On February 12, 2022, Avaaz launched a petition with over 2.2 million signatures, urging international solidarity to support the Maasai ahead of the Tanzanian Prime Minister's visit to the NCA.[112]
Organizations such as Oakland Institute, Cultural Survival, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch have published reports to shed light on human rights violations occurring in Ngorongoro.
In June 2021, the Looming Threat of Eviction report by the Oakland Institute warned about the government's plans to remove the Maasai from the NCA to boost tourism revenues.[113]
Maasai International Solidarity Alliance(MISA) launched different efforts to expose the situation of the Maasai in Tanzania.