J. Conclusion

83. Reflecting the richness and diversity of human experiences, the Special Rapporteur recalls that indigenous peoples belong to all faiths and none—and many enjoy them syncretistically. Protecting indigenous peoples’ freedom of religion or belief must consider their distinctive spiritual needs, practices, and beliefs through a consultative approach. Such conditions include access to and use of territories, which are essential components of their physical, spiritual, and cultural survival and effective realization of their human rights more broadly, especially noting the holistic nature of their "worldview." Reports of forced displacement and sedentarization—frequently during development, extractive, tourism, or conservation projects—desecration and destruction of their sacred sites and, in several States, violence against indigenous HRDs raise serious concerns for their right to freedom of religion or belief. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that it is impossible to analyse existing challenges to their exercise of freedom of religion or belief without acknowledging past exclusion and inequality. Systematic discrimination further makes it difficult for indigenous peoples to live, let alone live consistently with their spirituality.

K. Recommendations

1. States

(viii) Collaborate with indigenous spiritual leaders and influencers to support conservation efforts and sustainable development of traditional lands through a human rights-based approach. States should also comply with Akwé: Kon guidelines.